A Psychic Claims He Can Predict the Future. This Is Known as _____.

Practice of predicting data about a person'south life

Fortune telling is the practice of predicting information well-nigh a person'due south life.^[one] The telescopic of fortune telling is in principle identical with the practice of divination. The deviation is that divination is the term used for predictions considered part of a religious ritual, invoking deities or spirits, while the term fortune telling implies a less serious or formal setting, even ane of popular culture, where belief in occult workings behind the prediction is less prominent than the concept of suggestion, spiritual or practical advisory or affirmation.

Historically, Pliny the Elderberry describes use of the crystal ball in the 1st century CE by soothsayers ("crystallum orbis", later written in Medieval Latin by scribes equally orbuculum).^[two]

Gimmicky Western images of fortune telling grow out of folkloristic reception of Renaissance magic, specifically associated with Romani people.^[one] During the 19th and 20th century, methods of divination from non-Western cultures, such as the I Ching, were also adopted equally methods of fortune telling in western popular civilization.

An example of divination or fortune telling equally purely an item of pop culture, with trivial or no vestiges of belief in the occult, would be the Magic 8-Ball sold every bit a toy past Mattel, or Paul 2, an octopus at the Sea Life Aquarium at Oberhausen used to predict the outcome of matches played by the Germany national football team.^[3]

There is opposition to fortune telling in Christianity, Islam, Baháʼísm and Judaism based on scriptural prohibitions against divination.

Terms for ane who claims to see into the future include fortune teller, crystal-gazer, spaewife, seer, soothsayer, sibyl, clairvoyant, and prophet; related terms which might include this amidst other abilities are oracle, augur, and visionary.

Fortune telling is dismissed by the scientific customs and scientific skeptics every bit being based on magical thinking and superstition.

Methods [edit]

The screene of fortune here behold, fortune-telling game, ca.1650-1750

Common methods used for fortune telling in Europe and the Americas include astromancy, horary astrology, pendulum reading, spirit board reading, tasseography (reading tea leaves in a cup), cartomancy (fortune telling with cards), tarot card reading, crystallomancy (reading of a crystal sphere), and chiromancy (palmistry, reading of the palms). The final three have traditional associations in the popular mind with the Roma and Sinti people.

Another form of fortune telling, sometimes called "reading" or "spiritual consultation", does not rely on specific devices or methods, but rather the practitioner gives the client advice and predictions which are said to have come from spirits or in visions.

Alectromancy: by ascertainment of a rooster pecking at grain.
Aleuromancy: by flour.
Astrology: past the movements of celestial bodies.
Astromancy: by the stars.
Augury: by the flying of birds.
Bazi or iv pillars: by hour, day, month, and yr of birth.
Bibliomancy: by books; often, but non ever, religious texts.
Cartomancy: past playing cards, tarot cards, or oracle cards.
Ceromancy: by patterns in melting or dripping wax.
Chiromancy: past the shape of the hands and lines in the palms.
Chronomancy: by determination of lucky and unlucky days.
Clairvoyance: by spiritual vision or inner sight.
Cleromancy: by casting of lots, or casting bones or stones.
Cold reading: by using visual and audible clues.
Crystallomancy: by crystal ball as well called scrying.
Extispicy: past the entrails of animals.
Confront reading: by means of variations in face up and head shape.
Feng shui: past earthen harmony.
Gastromancy: past stomach-based ventriloquism (historically).
Geomancy: by markings in the basis, sand, earth, or soil.
Haruspicy: past the livers of sacrificed animals.
Horary astrology: the astrology of the fourth dimension the question was asked.
Hydromancy: by water.
I Ching divination: by yarrow stalks or coins and the I Ching.
Kau cim by means of numbered bamboo sticks shaken from a tube.
Lithomancy: past stones or gems.
Molybdomancy: by molten metal after dumped in cold water
Naeviology: past moles, scars, or other bodily marks
Necromancy: by the dead, or by spirits or souls of the dead.
Nephomancy: past shapes of clouds.
Numerology: by numbers.
Oneiromancy: by dreams.
Onomancy: by names.
Palmistry: by lines and mounds on the hand.
Parrot astrology: past parakeets picking up fortune cards
Paper fortune teller: origami used in fortune-telling games.
Pendulum reading: by the movements of a suspended object.
Pyromancy: by gazing into burn down.
Rhabdomancy: divination by rods.
Runecasting or Runic divination: by runes.
Scrying: by looking at or into reflective objects.
Spirit board: by planchette or talking lath.
Taromancy: by a class of cartomancy using tarot cards.
Tasseography or tasseomancy: by tea leaves or coffee grounds.

Sociology [edit]

Western fortune tellers typically attempt predictions on matters such as futurity romantic, financial, and childbearing prospects. Many fortune tellers will as well requite "graphic symbol readings". These may use numerology, graphology, palmistry (if the subject is present), and astrology.

In contemporary Western culture, it appears that women consult fortune tellers more than than men.^[iv] Some women accept maintained long relationships with their personal readers. Telephone consultations with psychics grew in popularity through the 1990s, and by the 2010s additional contact methods such as email and videoconferencing likewise became available, but none of these have completely replaced traditional in-person methods of consultation.^[5]

As a concern in North America [edit]

Discussing the part of fortune telling in guild, Ronald H. Isaacs, an American rabbi and author, opined, "Since time immemorial humans have longed to learn that which the future holds for them. Thus, in aboriginal civilization, and even today with fortune telling as a truthful profession, humankind continues to be curious about its future, both out of sheer curiosity as well every bit out of desire to better prepare for it."^[6] Popular media outlets like The New York Times take explained to their American readers that although 5000 years ago, soothsayers were prized advisers to the Assyrians, they lost respect and reverence during the rise of Reason in the 17th and 18th centuries.^[7]

With the rise of commercialism, "the sale of occult practices [adjusted to survive] in the larger society," according to sociologists Danny 50. and Lin Jorgensen.^[eight] Ken Feingold, writer of "Interactive Art every bit Divination every bit a Vending Machine," stated that with the invention of money, fortune telling became "a private service, a article within the marketplace".^[9]

As J. Peder Zane wrote in The New York Times in 1994, referring to the Psychic Friends Network, "Whether it's iii P.M. or three A.M., there'south Dionne Warwick and her psychic friends selling advice on love, coin and success. In a nation where the power of crystals and the likelihood that angels hover nearby prompt more than contemplation than ridicule, it may not be surprising that one 1000000 people a year call Ms. Warwick'south friends."^[7]

Clientele [edit]

In 1994, the psychic counsellor Rosanna Rogers of Cleveland, Ohio, explained to J. Peder Zane that a wide variety of people consulted her: "Couch potatoes aren't the only people seeking the counsel of psychics and astrologers. Clairvoyants have a booming business concern advising Philadelphia bankers, Hollywood lawyers and CEO's of Fortune 500 companies... If people knew how many people, particularly the very rich and powerful ones, went to psychics, their jaws would drop through the floor."^[7] Rogers "claims to take 4,000 names in her rolodex."^[vii]

Janet Lee, besides known every bit the Greenwich psychic, claims that her clientele often included Wall Street brokers who were looking for any advantage they could get. Her usual fee was effectually $150 for a session but some clients would pay betwixt $2,000 and $9,000 per month to have her bachelor 24 hours a day to consult.^[10]

Typical clients [edit]

In 1982, Danny Jorgensen, a professor of Religious Studies at the University of S Florida offered a spiritual caption for the popularity of fortune telling. He said that people visit psychics or fortune tellers to gain self-agreement,^[eleven] and noesis which will pb to personal power or success in some attribute of life.^[12]

In 1995, Ken Feingold offered a different explanation for why people seek out fortune tellers:^[nine]

We desire to know other people'southward deportment and to resolve our own conflicts regarding decisions to be made and our participation in social groups and economies. ... Divination seems to have emerged from our knowing the inevitability of death. The thought is articulate—we know that our fourth dimension is limited and that we desire things in our lives to happen in accord with our wishes. Realizing that our wishes have little power, we have sought technologies for gaining knowledge of the future... gain ability over our own [lives].

Ultimately, the reasons a person consults a diviner or fortune teller depend on cultural and personal expectations.

Services [edit]

Traditional fortune tellers vary in methodology, generally using techniques long established in their cultures and thus coming together the cultural expectations of their clientele.

In the U.s. and Canada, amongst clients of European beginnings, palmistry is popular^[13] and, every bit with astrology and tarot card reading, advice is generally given nigh specific problems besetting the customer.

Non-religious spiritual guidance may likewise be offered. An American clear-sighted by the name of Catherine Adams has written, "My philosophy is to teach and practise spiritual freedom, which means you accept your ain spiritual guidance, which I can assist y'all get in affect with."^[14]

In the African American community, where many people practice a form of folk magic called hoodoo or rootworking, a fortune-telling session or "reading" for a client may be followed past practical guidance in spell-casting and Christian prayer, through a process chosen "magical coaching".^[fifteen]

In add-on to sharing and explaining their visions, fortune tellers tin can also deed like counselors by discussing and offering communication near their clients' bug.^[13] They desire their clients to exercise their own willpower.^[16]

Total-time careers [edit]

Some fortune tellers support themselves entirely on their divination business; others concord down one or more than jobs, and their second jobs may or may not relate to the occupation of divining. In 1982, Danny Fifty., and Lin Jorgensen found that "while in that location is considerable variation among [these secondary] occupations, [part-time fortune tellers] are over-represented in human service fields: counseling, social work, teaching, wellness care."^[17] The aforementioned authors, making a limited survey of North American diviners, found that the majority of fortune tellers are married with children, and a few claim graduate degrees.^[eighteen] "They attend movies, watch television, piece of work at regular jobs, shop at K-Mart, sometimes swallow at McDonald'due south, and go to the hospital when they are seriously sick."^[19]

Legality [edit]

In 1982, the sociologists Danny L., and Lin Jorgensen establish that, "when it is reasonable, [fortune tellers] comply with local laws and purchase a business concern license."^[17] However, in the U.s., a variety of local and state laws restrict fortune telling, require the licensing or bonding of fortune tellers, or make necessary the apply of terminology that avoids the term "fortune teller" in favor of terms such equally "spiritual advisor" or "psychic consultant." There are also laws that outright forbid the exercise in sure districts.

For example, fortune telling is a grade B misdemeanor in the land of New York. Under New York State police force, S 165.35:

A person is guilty of fortune telling when, for a fee or compensation which he directly or indirectly solicits or receives, he claims or pretends to tell fortunes, or holds himself out as being able, by claimed or pretended use of occult powers, to answer questions or requite advice on personal matters or to exercise, influence or affect evil spirits or curses; except that this section does not apply to a person who engages in the aforedescribed conduct every bit part of a evidence or exhibition solely for the purpose of entertainment or amusement.^[20]

Lawmakers who wrote this statute acknowledged that fortune tellers practise not restrict themselves to "a show or exhibition solely for the purpose of entertainment or amusement" and that people will continue to seek out fortune tellers even though fortune tellers operate in violation of the law.

Similarly, in New Zealand, Section 16 of the Summary Offences Act 1981 provides a one thousand dollar penalization for anyone who sets out to "deceive or pretend" for financial recompense that they possess telepathy or clairvoyance or acts as a medium for coin through use of "fraudulent devices." Equally with the New York legislation cited above, however, it is not a criminal offence if it is solely intended for purposes of entertainment.

Kingdom of saudi arabia also bans the practice outright, considering fortune telling to be sorcery and thus opposite to Islamic education and jurisprudence. It has been punishable by death.^[21]

Disquisitional analysis [edit]

Fortune telling is dismissed by the scientific community and skeptics every bit existence based on magical thinking and superstition.^[22] ^[23] ^[24] ^[25]

Skeptic Bergen Evans suggested that fortune telling is the result of a "naïve selection of something that have happened from a mass of things that haven't, the clever interpretation of ambiguities, or a brazen announcement of the inevitable."^[26] Other skeptics claim that fortune telling is aught more than cold reading.^[27]

A large amount of fraud has occurred in the practice of fortune telling.^[28]

Fortune telling and how it works raises many critical questions. For instance, fortune-telling occurs through diverse methods such equally psychic readings and tarot cards. Similarly, these methods are largely based on random phenomena. For instance, astrologers believe that the motion of stars in the sky tin have implications on one's life.^[29] In the case of tarot cards, people believe that images displayed on the cards take meaning meanings on their lives. All the same, in that location is a lack of evidence to back up why such things, such equally the stars, would have any implications on our lives.

Additionally, fortune-telling readings and predictions made by horoscopes, for example, are often general enough to apply to anyone. In common cold reading, for case, readers often begin by stating full general descriptions and continuing to brand specifics based on the reactions they receive from the person whose life they are predicting.^[30] The tendency for people to deem general descriptions as being representative to themselves has been termed the Barnum issue and has been studied by psychologists for many years.^[31]

Still, even with a lack of evidence supporting the diverse methods of fortune-telling and the many frauds that take occurred by psychic readers, amongst others, fortune-telling continues to become popular around the world. In that location are many reasons for the highly-seasoned nature of fortune-telling such every bit that people often experience stress when at that place is dubiousness and thus seek to proceeds deeper insight into their lives.

Encounter besides [edit]

Chinese fortune telling
Divination in African traditional religion
Play a trick on! (Psychics, ESP, Unicorns and other Delusions)
Fortune teller machine
Houdini's debunking of psychics and mediums
I Ching divination
Bob Nygaard (Psychic investigator)
Televangelist Peter Popoff exposed by James Randi
Prophecy
Psychic Blues: Confessions of a Conflicted Medium
Rose Mackenberg (Historic investigator of psychic mediums)
Tengenjutsu (fortune telling)

Notes [edit]

^ ^a ^b Melton, J. Gordon. (2008). The Encyclopedia of Religious Phenomena. Visible Ink Printing. pp. 115-116. ISBN ane-57859-209-7
^ Pliny the Elder (1831). Caii Plinii Secundi Historiæ naturalis libri xxxvii, cum selectis comm. J. Harduini air conditioning recentiorum interpretum novisque adnotationibus. p. 579. Retrieved 7 November 2015. (in Latin)
^ Associated Press6 July 2010
^ Blécourt, Willem de; Usborne, Cornelle. (1999). Women'south Medicine, Women's Culture: Abortion and Fortune telling in Early on Twentieth-Century Frg and holland. Medical History 43: 376-392.
^ Burton, Valentina. The Fortune Teller's Guide to Success: Creating a Wonderful Career equally a Psychic. 2011; Lucky Mojo Curio Co. (revised) Quaternary Edition 2018.
^ Isaacs, Ronald H. Divination, Magic, and Healing the Book of Jewish Folklore. Northvale Due north.J.: Jason Aronson, 1998. pg 55
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d (Zane 1994)
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 376)
^ ^a ^b (Feingold 1995, p. 399)
^ Kadet, Anne (viii March 2014). "In Greenwich, Where Money Is No Object". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on 12 November 2017. Retrieved 31 January 2019.
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 381)
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 375)
^ ^a ^b "Clairvoyant or counsellor? Meet the woman who walks a fine line." The Northern Echo. 27 October 2000.
^ Adams, Catherine. "What is Clairvoyance and What Tin can I Expect in a Session With Catherine?" Archived 18 Dec 2007 at the Wayback Car
^ "Magical Coaching and Spiritual Communication are among the ancillary services offered by some diviners and root doctors. These consultation services are usually engaged on an hourly basis." -- excerpt from an commodity on "magical coaching" at the Association of Independent Readers and Rootworkers web site
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 384)
^ ^a ^b (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 377)
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 337)
^ (Jorgensen & Jorgensen 1982, p. 387)
^ Leginfo.state.ny.united states of america
^ Fortune Teller Faces Execution in Saudi arabia Archived 4 April 2010 at the Wayback Automobile pattayadailynews.com i April 2010 retrieved 17 July 2010
^ Pronko, Nicholas Henry. (1969). Panorama of Psychology. Brooks/Cole Publishing Company. p. 18
^ Miller, Gale. (1978). Odd Jobs: The World of Deviant Work. Prentice-Hall. pp. 66-68
^ Carroll, Robert Todd. (2003). "Divination (fortune telling)". The Skeptic's Dictionary. Retrieved twenty April 2016.
^ Regal, Brian. (2009). Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia. Greenwood. p. 55. ISBN 978-0-313-35507-three
^ Evans, Bergen. (1955). The Spoor of Spooks: And Other Nonsense. Purnell. p. 16
^ Cogan, Robert. (1998). Critical Thinking: Footstep by Step. University Press of America. p. 212. ISBN 0-7618-1067-half dozen
^ Steiner, Robert A. (1996). Fortunetelling. In Gordon Stein. The Encyclopedia of the Paranormal. Prometheus Books. pp. 281-290. ISBN 1-57392-021-v
^ Thagard, Paul R. (1978). Why astrology is a pseudoscience in The Philosophy of Science Association, 1978 Volume 1, pp. 223-234.
^ Dutton, D.L. (1988). The Cold Reading Technique in Experientia, Book 44, pp. 326-332
^ Dutton, D.Fifty. (1988). The Cold Reading Technique in Experientia, Volume 44, pp. 326-332

References [edit]

Feingold, Ken (1995), "OU: Interactivity as Divination as Vending Machine", Leonardo, Third Annual New York Digital Salon, 28 (5): 399–402, doi:ten.2307/1576224, JSTOR 1576224, S2CID 61727726
Hughes, M., Behanna, R; Signorella, 1000. (2001). Perceived Accuracy of Fortune Telling and Belief in the Paranormal. Journal of Social Psychology 141: 159-160.
Jorgensen, Danny Fifty.; Jorgensen, Lin (1982), "Social Meanings of the Occult", The Sociological Quarterly, 23 (3): 373–389, doi:ten.1111/j.1533-8525.1982.tb01019.ten .
Zane, J. Peder (11 September 1994), "Soothsayers as Business Directorate; You Are Going to Keep a Long Trip…", The New York Times .

External links [edit]

Media related to Fortune-telling at Wikimedia Eatables

fialasolow1942.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortune-telling